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Francis Scott Key Bridge (Baltimore)

Coordinates: 39°13′1″N 76°31′42″W / 39.21694°N 76.52833°W / 39.21694; -76.52833
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This article is about the collapsed bridge in Baltimore built in 1977. For other articles, see Key Bridge (disambiguation). For the 2024 collapse, see 2024 Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse.
Francis Scott Key Bridge
View from Fort Armistead Park in 2015
Coordinates39°13′1″N 76°31′42″W / 39.21694°N 76.52833°W / 39.21694; -76.52833
Carried4 lanes of
I-695 Toll
CrossedPatapsco River
LocaleBaltimore metropolitan area, Maryland, U.S.
Maintained byMaryland Transportation Authority
ID number300000BCZ472010
Websitemdta.maryland.gov/Toll_Facilities/FSK.html
Characteristics
DesignSteel arch-shaped continuous through truss bridge
MaterialSteel
Total length8,636 feet (2,632.3 m; 1.6 mi)
Longest span1,200 feet (366 m)
Clearance below185 feet (56 m)[1]
History
DesignerJ. E. Greiner Company[2]
Construction start1972; 52 years ago (1972)[3]
OpenedMarch 23, 1977; 47 years ago (1977-03-23)
CollapsedMarch 26, 2024; 9 months ago (2024-03-26)
Statistics
Toll$4 (suspended)[4]
Location
Map
The Francis Scott Key Bridge under construction in 1976
Sign for the Key Bridge used on approach roads

The Francis Scott Key Bridge (informally, Key Bridge or Beltway Bridge) is a partially collapsed bridge in the Baltimore metropolitan area, Maryland. Opened in 1977, it collapsed on March 26, 2024, after a container ship struck one of its piers.[5][6] Officials have announced plans to replace the bridge by fall 2028.[7]

It was built as a steel arch continuous through truss bridge that spanned the lower Patapsco River and outer Baltimore Harbor/Port in Maryland, United States. Opened on March 23, 1977, it carried the Baltimore Beltway (Interstate 695 or I-695) between Dundalk in Baltimore County and Hawkins Point, an isolated southern neighborhood of Baltimore, while briefly passing through Anne Arundel County.

Initially named the Outer Harbor Crossing, the bridge was renamed in 1976 for poet Francis Scott Key, who wrote the lyrics to "The Star-Spangled Banner", the U.S. national anthem. At 8,636 feet (2,632 m), it was the second-longest bridge in the Baltimore metropolitan area, after the Chesapeake Bay Bridge. Its main span of 1,200 feet (366 m) was the third-longest of any continuous truss in the world.[8]

Operated by the Maryland Transportation Authority (MDTA), the bridge was the outermost of three toll crossings of Baltimore's harbor, along with the Baltimore Harbor and Fort McHenry tunnels. The bridge carried an estimated 11.5 million vehicles annually, including many trucks carrying hazardous materials that are prohibited in the tunnels. The construction of the bridge and its approaches completed the two-decade effort to build I-695, although the bridge roadway was officially a state road: the unsigned Maryland Route 695.[9][10]

History

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Construction

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By the early 1960s, the Baltimore Harbor Tunnel (Interstate 895), the first crossing of Baltimore's Harbor, had reached its traffic capacity. The Maryland State Roads Commission concluded there was a need for a second harbor crossing.[11] They began planning another single-tube tunnel under the Patapsco River, downstream and to the southeast, between Hawkins Point and Sollers Point in the outer harbor. In October 1968, this Outer Harbor Tunnel project received financing through a $220 million bond issue (equivalent to $1.9 billion in 2023) that also funded the twinning of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge.[12] But when the bids to build the tunnel were opened in July 1970, they were substantially higher than expected.[13] So officials drafted alternative proposals, including a four-lane bridge, which had the advantage of providing a route across Baltimore Harbor for vehicles carrying hazardous materials barred from tunnels.[14]

In April 1971, the Maryland General Assembly approved the bridge project.[15][16] The United States Coast Guard issued a bridge permit in June 1972, replacing the earlier approval of the tunnel by the Army Corps of Engineers.[12] Baltimore engineering firm J. E. Greiner Company was selected as the primary design consultant, with the side approaches being handled by New York City's Singstad, Kehart, November & Hurka in joint venture with Baltimore Transportation Associates, Inc. The construction was to be performed by the John F. Beasley Construction Company with material fabricated by the Pittsburgh-Des Moines Steel Co.[17]

Construction of the Outer Harbor Bridge began in 1972,[18] several years behind schedule and $33 million over budget.[19] Each of the bridge's main piers—Nos. 17 and 18—was protected by dolphins upstream and downstream, each with a 25-foot-diameter sheet pile filled with tremie concrete with a reinforced concrete cap. These piers also had 17-foot fender system:[20] crushable thin-walled concrete boxes of 100 by 84.5 feet, clad with timber members and steel plate at the base.[21]

In 1976, as construction went on, the bridge was named for Francis Scott Key, the author of "The Defence of Fort M'Henry", the poem upon which "The Star-Spangled Banner" is based. Key was inspired to write the poem after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry during the Battle of Baltimore in September 1814.[22] Key had been aboard an American truce ship with the British Royal Navy fleet in Baltimore Harbor near Sollers Point; the approximate location is within 100 yards (91 m) of the bridge and marked by a buoy in the colors of the U.S. flag.[18][23]

Operation

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The Key Bridge opened to traffic on March 23, 1977.[24] Including its connecting approaches, the bridge project was 1.6 miles (2.57 km) in length with 8.7 miles (14.00 km) of approach road.[24] In 1978, the bridge received an Award of Merit from the American Institute of Steel Construction in the Long Span category.[17] In 1980, a cargo ship collided with the Key Bridge, but the bridge was relatively undamaged.[25]

The bridge opened with four lanes, but its approaches were two lanes to reduce costs.[14] The south approach was widened in 1983. A project for the north approach was completed in 1999 after several years of delays.[14][26]

In July 2013, the toll for cars was $4. The bridge was part of the E-ZPass system and its toll plaza included two dedicated E-ZPass lanes in each direction. On October 30, 2019, the bridge's tolling went fully cashless; drivers paid via E-ZPass or video tolling.[27][28]

  • Key Bridge with Baltimore in the background, viewed from Cox Creek Industrial Park, in northeast Anne Arundel County, November 2011 to the south
    Key Bridge with Baltimore in the background, viewed from Cox Creek Industrial Park, in northeast Anne Arundel County, November 2011 to the south
  • Key Bridge looking to the northeast with Sparrows Point and the Bethlehem Steel Corporation steel mill and shipyards of southeast Baltimore County in the distance, February 2018
    Key Bridge looking to the northeast with Sparrows Point and the Bethlehem Steel Corporation steel mill and shipyards of southeast Baltimore County in the distance, February 2018
  • Driving on the inner loop (westbound) across the bridge, November 2023

Collapse

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Main article: Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse
Ten hours after the collapse, remnants of the bridge's superstructure and roadway rest on Dali's bow

On March 26, 2024, at 01:28 EDT (05:28 UTC), the main spans of the bridge collapsed after the Singapore-registered container ship MV Dali lost power[29] and collided with the southwest supporting pier of the main truss section.[30][31] The NTSB noted that the Key Bridge was built before the introduction of redundant support structures, which are widely used in modern bridges and would have prevented such a collapse.[32]

Members of an eight-person maintenance crew working on the bridge are believed to be the only people injured or killed in the disaster. Six bodies were recovered,[33][34] and two people were rescued,: one uninjured, the other transported to a hospital in critical condition.[35][36][37] A mayday distress call sent by the ship's crew just before the collision led police and bridge workers to halt traffic onto the bridge, likely saving many lives.[38]

The collapse, which blocked the Patapsco shipping channel, immediately halted almost all passenger and cargo shipping to the Port of Baltimore. Maryland Governor Wes Moore declared a state of emergency.[39] Economic losses were initially estimated at $15 million per day. Insurers are expected to incur multi-billion dollar losses for the damages, business disruptions, and liability claims.[40]

Three temporary channels were opened by April 20, allowing about 15% of pre-collapse shipping to pass.[41] A temporary deep-draft channel was opened on April 25, allowing some larger ships to enter and leave,[42] then closed on April 29, enabling salvage crews to resume removing bridge wreckage.[43]

The collapsed part of the bridge includes the three spans under the metal truss, and three more to the northeast (right of image in Dundalk, Maryland). The left side of the image is Hawkins Point, Baltimore.[44]

In May, the authorities announced that they would use explosives to blow up most parts of the bridge.[45]

Replacement

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Further information: Francis Scott Key Bridge replacement

Hours after the collapse, President Joe Biden said that the federal government would pay for the entire cost of reconstructing the bridge.[46] On May 2, 2024, Maryland Department of Transportation officials said they plan to replace the bridge by the fall of 2028 at an estimated cost of $1.7 billion to $1.9 billion.[7] The original bridge had cost $141 million to build, which is approximately $743 million in 2024 dollars.[47][48]

References

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  1. ^ "What do we know about Baltimore's Francis Scott Key Bridge?". Reuters. March 26, 2024. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
  2. ^ "This Day in Maryland History: Francis Scott Key Bridge Opens in 1977". Preservation Maryland. March 26, 2024. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
  3. ^ Francis Scott Key Bridge at Structurae
  4. ^ Clark, Tommie (August 29, 2024). "Firm chosen to proceed with plans to rebuild Key Bridge". WBAL. Retrieved September 16, 2024.
  5. ^ "Live updates: Rescuers search for people in the water after Baltimore's Key Bridge collapses". Washington Post. March 26, 2024. Archived from the original on March 26, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  6. ^ "Ship strikes major Baltimore bridge causing partial collapse". ABC News. Archived from the original on March 26, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  7. ^ a b Witte, Brian (May 2, 2024). "Maryland officials release timeline, cost estimate, for rebuilding bridge". Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
  8. ^ Durkee, Jackson, World's Longest Bridge Spans Archived October 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, National Steel Bridge Alliance, May 24, 1999.
  9. ^ Maryland State Highway Administration (2007). "Highway Location Reference: Baltimore County" (PDF). Retrieved April 15, 2009. [dead link‍]
  10. ^ Maryland State Highway Administration (2005). "Highway Location Reference: Baltimore City" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2009. Retrieved April 15, 2009.
  11. ^ "Key Bridge News | MDTA". mdta.maryland.gov. Retrieved April 11, 2024.
  12. ^ a b Ayres, Horace (June 10, 1972). "Last Hurdle Cleared For Harbor Bridge". The Baltimore Sun. p. 18. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  13. ^ Kraus, Kathy (July 24, 1970). "Bids On Outer Harbor Tunnel $18 Million Over Estimates". The Baltimore Sun. p. C20. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. ^ a b c Jensen, Peter (September 22, 1994). "I-695 Key Bridge approach to expand". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  15. ^ Lynton, Stephen J. (January 7, 1971). "Tunnel Shaping Up As Bridge". The Baltimore Sun. p. D20. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. ^ "Bridge Wins Approval of Legislature". The Baltimore Sun. April 3, 1971. p. B18. Retrieved March 26, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ^ a b "1978 Prize Bridges". American Institute of Steel Construction. p. 25. Archived from the original on April 4, 2024. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
  18. ^ a b "Key Bridge (I-695)". Maryland Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  19. ^ Orrick, Bentley (August 5, 1973). "Harbor crossing tops Bay Bridge in delay, overrun". The Baltimore Sun. p. A1. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ^ NTSB 2024, p. 20.
  21. ^ NTSB 2024, p. 21.
  22. ^ "Harbor Bridge Named For Francis Scott Key". The Baltimore Sun. June 22, 1976. p. C5. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  23. ^ Read, Zoe (June 7, 2014). "Coast Guard celebrates 200th anniversary of Battle of Fort McHenry". Capital Gazette. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  24. ^ a b "Key Bridge opens at 10 A.M. today". The Baltimore Sun. March 23, 1977. p. C6. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  25. ^ Joel Rose; Nell Greenfieldboyce (March 26, 2024). "Questions arise amid the collapse of the Key bridge in Baltimore". All Things Considered. NPR. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
  26. ^ "Baltimore Beltway coming full circle; Divided lanes finished on the southeast arc". The Baltimore Sun. November 6, 1999. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  27. ^ "Drivers Going Through Tolls At Hatem And Key Bridges Won't Be Able To Use Cash By Late October". Baltimore, MD: WJZ-TV. September 26, 2019. Archived from the original on October 18, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
  28. ^ Fulginiti, Jenny (April 12, 2019). "Cashless tolls coming to Key, Hatem bridges in October". WBAL. Archived from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
  29. ^ "Wes Moore, Maryland's governor, said the cargo ship's crew told the authorities that they had lost power around the time that the ship struck the bridge". The New York Times. March 26, 2024. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  30. ^ "Key Bridge in Baltimore collapses after large boat collision". WTOP News. March 26, 2024. Archived from the original on March 26, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  31. ^ "Francis Scott Key Bridge in Baltimore collapses after ship struck it, sending vehicles into water". March 26, 2024. Archived from the original on March 26, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  32. ^ Cox, Erin; Jouvenal, Justin; Nguyen, Danny; hermann, Peter; Hilton, Jasmine (March 27, 2024). "Baltimore bridge collapse recovery team finds victims' likely vehicles". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  33. ^ Kugiya, Hugo (April 15, 2024). "Remains recovered of 4th missing victim of Key Bridge collapse". The Baltimore Banner. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
  34. ^ Pannett, Rachel; Armus, Teo (May 2, 2024). "Body of fifth Baltimore bridge victim has been recovered, authorities say". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 3, 2024. Retrieved August 23, 2024.
  35. ^ Cox, Erin; Jouvenal, Justin; Nguyen, Danny; Hermann, Peter; Hilton, Jasmine (March 27, 2024). "Baltimore bridge collapse recovery team finds victims' likely vehicles". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 28, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  36. ^ Jensen, Cassidy; Lora, Maya (April 5, 2024). "Body of Key Bridge victim Maynor Suazo Sandoval recovered on Friday, family says". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on April 5, 2024. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
  37. ^ "Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse live updates: Coast Guard says finding survivors unlikely". NBC News. March 26, 2024. Archived from the original on March 26, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  38. ^ "WATCH: Maryland Gov. Wes Moore says mayday call helped limit traffic on collapsed Key Bridge". PBS NewsHour. March 26, 2024. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  39. ^ "Key Bridge collapse: What we know about structure's history, traffic". baltimoresun.com. March 26, 2024. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  40. ^ Simpson, Jack (March 28, 2024). "Baltimore bridge collapse could lead to record insurance loss, says Lloyd's boss". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  41. ^ "Third temporary channel opens for vessels to Baltimore port after bridge collapse". AP News. April 20, 2024. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
  42. ^ Skene, Lea (April 25, 2024). "New deep-water channel allows first ship to pass Key Bridge wreckage in Baltimore". Baltimore Banner. AP. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
  43. ^ 35-foot-deep temporary channel closes at Key Bridge collapse site, Jeffery Bozzi, April 29, 2024
  44. ^ Alonso, Melissa; Wolfe, Elizabeth; Mascarenhas, Lauren (March 26, 2024). "Cargo ship lost power before colliding with Baltimore bridge; 6 remain missing after collapse". CNN. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  45. ^ Pashby, Tom (May 14, 2024). "Baltimore bridge collapse | US Army uses explosives to remove bridge section from boat". New Civil Engineer.
  46. ^ "Biden pledges support for Baltimore in wake of Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse". ABC News. March 26, 2024. Archived from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
  47. ^ Peo, Cassie (March 26, 2024). "The history of Baltimore's Francis Scott Key Bridge". Capital News Service.
  48. ^ "New Bridge Bypasses The Baltimore Tunnel". The New York Times. March 27, 1977. Archived from the original on March 26, 2024.

Sources

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