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Counter-Strike (video game)

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Counter-Strike
Developer(s)Valve[a]
Publisher(s)
Designer(s)
Programmer(s)
SeriesCounter-Strike
EngineGoldSrc
Platform(s)Windows, Xbox, OS X, Linux
Release
November 9, 2000
  • Microsoft Windows
  • November 9, 2000[1][2][3]
  • Xbox
    • NA: November 18, 2003
    • EU: December 5, 2003
  • OS X, Linux
    • WW: January 24, 2013
Genre(s)Tactical first-person shooter
Mode(s)Multiplayer

Counter-Strike (also known as Half-Life: Counter-Strike or Counter-Strike 1.6)[5] is a tactical first-person shooter game developed by Valve. It was initially developed and released as a Half-Life modification by Minh "Gooseman" Le and Jess Cliffe in 1999, before Le and Cliffe were hired and the game's intellectual property acquired. Counter-Strike was released by Valve for Microsoft Windows in November 2000, and is the first installment in the Counter-Strike series. Several remakes and ports were released on Xbox, as well as OS X and Linux.

Set in various locations around the globe, players assume the roles of counter-terrorist forces and terrorist militants opposing them. During each round of gameplay, the two teams are tasked with defeating the other by the means of either achieving the map's objectives or eliminating all of the enemy combatants. Each player may customize their arsenal of weapons and accessories at the beginning of every match, with currency being earned after the end of each round.

Gameplay

[edit]
The player standing in the terrorist starting zone (spawn point) of de_dust using a CV-47 (AK-47)

Counter-Strike is a team-based multiplayer first-person shooter video game in which players can join either the terrorists (T) or the counter-terrorists (CT).[5][6][7][8] If one team has more players than the other, the server settings may automatically balance. Each game begins with both teams spawning simultaneously as one of eight possible default character models (four each for counter-terrorist and terrorist). Each player begins with $800, two magazines of ammo, a knife, and a handgun: a Heckler & Koch USP for the counter-terrorists or a Glock 18c for the terrorists. Players are usually allowed a few seconds before the round starts, known as freeze time to purchase equipment but not move. Players may purchase equipment whenever they are in a buy zone for their team, some of which can be shared by both sides and the round has not been in session for more than a certain duration, which is 90 seconds by default. Surviving players keep their equipment for the following game, while those who die start again with a handgun and knife.[9]

The scoreboard displays team results as well as information about each player, including their name, score, deaths, and ping/latency (ms) on the map, it also displays if each player is dead, carrying a bomb (in bomb defusal maps), or a VIP (in assassination maps), albeit the player must be killed during the round to gain this information about opposing team members. Players that are killed become "ghosts" for the rest of the round; they are unable to alter their names or receive chat/voice messages from live players, unless the console command sv_alltalk is set to 1. They may typically watch the rest of the round from a variety of chosen observer modes (free-look mode, locked chasecam and free chase chasecam),[10] but some servers limit some of these views to prevent dead players from conveying information about surviving players to their teammates via alternate media (most notably voice in Internet cafés). Many players believe the practice known as "ghosting" to be cheating.[11][12] Players receive standard bonuses, such as $3500 for winning a round, $1500 for losing one, and $300 for killing an enemy.[9] They can have up to $16000 via earning and can be fined (e.g. killing a teammate fines the perpetrator $3300).[13]

Currently, there are three objectives depending on the map:[14][15][16]

  • Bomb defusal: The terrorist team has a bomb when the round starts. The goal of the terrorists is to plant the bomb at a bomb site—usually called Bombsite A or Bombsite B on the map—and make sure it explodes. The counter-terrorist team wins if they are able to defuse the bomb within a set time limit. If either team is eliminated before the bomb is planted, the other team wins. Bomb defusal maps start with the prefix "de_" (e.g de_dust2).[12][17]
  • Hostage rescue: Four hostages are often located close to the terrorist base on the map. The goal of the Counter-Terrorists is to lead the captives to a location on the map where they are rescued.[15] A team wins if every member of that team has been eliminated. The Counter-Terrorists win and get $2400 for each captive that survives, provided that the number of rescued hostages is at least half of the original hostage count. The terrorists win when the round ends. Maps with this objective start with the prefix "cs_" (e.g cs_office).[18][17]
  • Assassination: In this objective, one Counter-Terrorist member becomes into a VIP, armed with 200 units of Kevlar vest and nothing more than the counter-terrorist standard-issue USP handgun and one additional magazine. Except for their own handgun, the VIP is not permitted to retrieve dropped firearms. The VIP's goal is to get at an extraction zone (1, typically), which is when the counter-terrorists triumph. The terrorists win if the VIP dies. The counter-terrorists win if every terrorist dies, while the terrorists also win when time runs out. A VIP shouldn't expect to escape without the team's help due to the gun's shortage of ammo, but the unique armor and the pistol together offer sufficient protection.[19][17]

Formerly, there was a fourth objective called Escape. The scenario is that the terrorist team must "escape" to one of the designated escape points after beginning their mission in a protected area. Before they can flee, the counter-terrorist team needs to kill them. Once half of the team has managed to escape, the terrorists win the round. Following each of the eight rounds of play, the two sides will trade roles. If one team eliminates the other, both teams can also win the scenario.[20]

Three categories exist for weapons: Melee (knife), Secondary (handguns), and Primary (rifles, shotguns, machine and submachine guns). There is a separate category for equipment like defusing kits and hand grenades. With the exception of equipment, which may hold many items at once, players are only allowed to carry one item in each of these categories at a time.[21]

Development

[edit]

Minh Le was previously involved in developing mods, such as Navy SEALs for Quake and Action Quake 2.[22] However, seeking more control over development, he decided to create his own mod.[23] Having already worked with the Quake and Quake 2 engines, Le chose the Half-Life engine as a natural progression.[24][25] The Half-Life engine's realistic setting made it well-suited for his concept of a mod involving terrorists and counter-terrorists.[22] Development began in January 1999, but as the Half-Life software development kit (SDK) was not yet released, Le initially created new weapon and player models.[26] In February 1999, the first screenshots of Counter-Strike were released, accompanied by an interview about the mod.[27] Le and Jess Cliffe, who had both worked on Action Quake 2, connected through an IRC chat, during which Le shared his idea for the mod. Cliffe, excited by the concept, offered to create a website for it, thus becoming involved in the project.[26][28]

Many movies served as sources of inspiration for prospective weapon candidates. For instance, the Krieg 552 and M249 were included in Counter-Strike due to inspiration from the 1998 film Ronin. Additionally, the films Air Force One and Léon: The Professional served as further influences for weapon selection.[29][25] Gun magazines and the internet were key sources for the team to gather information about the actual firearms used in the game.[30] A few weapon models in Counter-Strike deviate from their real-world counterparts because Minh Le, the game's main developer, had to make assumptions about how certain weapons would behave during animation due to limited information.[24] The weapons had to not only look and sound good but also feel satisfying to use. Realism, as well as the type of weapons the groups would likely use in real-life scenarios, were prioritized when selecting the weapons for the game.[31]

On March 15, 1999, the mod received its name following an ICQ chat between Le and Cliffe.[27][28] Le suggested names based on his favorite TV shows and movies, with options like Counterrorism, Counter-Strike, Strike Force, FRAG HEADS, Counter-Terror, Terrorist Wars, Terror-Force, and Counter Force. They eventually chose Counter-Strike as the title.[28][27] The official Counter-Strike website was launched on March 24, 1999.[32] It was hosted by GameSpy's Joost Schurr on Planet Half-Life.[25] When the Half-Life SDK was released on April 7, 1999, mod development officially began.[32][33] Although the mod had not been officially released, Minh Le's reputation from his previous work on Action Quake 2 sparked significant interest. The mod's official website quickly attracted 10,000 visitors.[26]

Le focused on the player models, taking him 40 hours for each one. Cliffe contributed to the game's design, sound, art and public relations, while closely following the development of Half-Life and reading interviews with Gabe Newell.[34]

In May 1999, the mod's most pressing issue was a shortage of mappers.[26] Despite several requests for mappers posted on the official website, the response was minimal. Cliffe began directly contacting Half-Life mappers.[24] Jess Cliffe reached out to many people who had previously submitted maps to Radium, an old Half-Life mapping site.[35] A contest was held to select maps for the initial beta, though some maps were discarded.[26][36]

Before the first beta's official release, a pre-beta build was leaked online, potentially accelerating the release of the mod.[26] The first beta, released on June 19, 1999, featured a hostage rescue scenario, 9 weapons, 4 maps, and one player model per side. Jess Cliffe reported that the release was well-received by the community.[32] Beta 2 and Beta 3 followed, adding new weapons, maps, and factions. Beta 3 introduced a controversial change: the removal of frags from the scoreboard, a change later reversed.[26] Beta 4 introduced the bomb defusal scenario, a significant new feature, and many map designs incorporated this scenario.[32][37][38] The interest in the game drew numerous players to Cliffe's website, which helped both him and Le to make revenue from advertisements hosted on the site.[39]

In late 1999, Minh Le began working at Barking Dog Studios while finishing his studies. When Valve Software learned of this, they asked Barking Dog to assist in developing Beta 5, offering to finance the project and acquire the game's intellectual property.[39][40] The development was mainly handled by Barking Dog, as Le was occupied with his university studies.[40][22] Valve contributed by cleaning up code, fixing bugs, and enhancing the interface.[41][42] New hostage models were introduced, and the development of the game was further supported with the release of Beta 5.2.[40] With Beta 6.0, new scenarios, such as assassination and escape, were added. While assassination found moderate success, the escape scenario was later removed.[43]

Following the acquisition of the game by Valve, while Cliffe continued working for them, Le did additional work towards a Counter-Strike 2.0 based on Valve's upcoming Source engine, but left to start his own studio after Valve opted to shelve the sequel.[39]

Release

[edit]

On April 12, 2000, Valve Software announced a partnership with the Counter-Strike Team, confirming that Counter-Strike 1.0 would be included in an upcoming Half-Life patch.[44] Though not explicitly stated, it is widely believed that this followed Valve’s acquisition of Counter-Strike. Statements suggest the rights were sold in early 2000, involving a financial transaction.[45]

Despite the partnership, two more beta versions were released. Beta 6.5 (June 8, 2000) introduced an updated netcode,[46] while Beta 7.0 (August 26, 2000) added driveable vehicles.[47]

Valve planned to release Counter-Strike both as a Half-Life mod and a standalone retail product, scheduled for August 31, 2000.[48] The decision aimed to increase accessibility and test market demand for a multiplayer game independent of Half-Life. Legal issues arose before the retail release, particularly regarding weapon names, which were changed to fictional alternatives.[49] Valve also had to secure rights for maps and textures, leading to modifications and removals of certain assets.[50] Minh Le, one of the original developers, compensated mappers whose work Valve did not purchase.

The retail version included new content, such as three additional weapons designed by Minh Le and updated player models provided by Valve.[51] Maverick Developments created a training map for the retail edition.[52] On November 9, 2000, Valve announced that the retail version had gone gold, and the mod version was released shortly after.[53]

After launch, Valve continued releasing updates. Version 1.1 implemented a new spectator mode,[54] version 1.3 introduced voice chat[55] and version 1.4 added anti-cheat measures.[56] Counter-Strike 1.5, released on June 12, 2002, was the last update before transitioning to Steam.[57] Counter-Strike 1.6 was the last major content update. While minor patches continued, plans for Counter-Strike 1.7—which aimed to merge the player bases of Counter-Strike and Condition Zero—were never realized.[58]

The game faced scrutiny in Germany after being linked to the Erfurt school massacre in 2002, as it was found on the computer of perpetrator Robert Steinhäuser. Politicians, including CSU's Günther Beckstein, and media outlets, particularly Bild, popularized the term "killer game" in reference to Counter-Strike. Calls for banning violent video games intensified, with politicians like Beckstein advocating for penalties against users of such games. Media outlets like Frontal 21 on ZDF often portrayed players negatively.[59]

In 2002, Germany's BPjM considered indexing Counter-Strike but ultimately rejected it, concluding that the game’s objectives could be achieved without violence and that its communication aspects were beneficial. Chancellor Gerhard Schröder criticized the decision, citing it as irresponsible.[59]

In January 2013, Valve began testing a version of Counter-Strike for OS X and Linux, eventually releasing the update to all users in April 2013.[60][61]

An unofficial browser version was released in 2023 on a Russian website.[62]

Reception

[edit]

Upon its retail release, Counter-Strike received highly favorable reviews.[69][63][65][67][68] In 2003, Counter-Strike was inducted into GameSpot's list of the greatest games of all time.[14] The New York Times reported that E-Sports Entertainment ESEA League started the first professional fantasy e-sports league in 2004 with the game Counter-Strike.[74][75] Some credit the move into professional competitive team play with prizes as a major factor in Counter-Strike's longevity and success.[76]

Global retail sales of Counter-Strike surpassed 250,000 units by July 2001.[77] The game sold 1.5 million by February 2003 and generated $40 million in revenue.[78] In the United States, its retail version sold 550,000 copies and earned $15.7 million by August 2006, after its release in November 2000. It was the country's 22nd best-selling PC game between January 2000 and August 2006.[79]

The Xbox version sold 1.5 million copies in total.[80]

Brazilian sale ban

[edit]

On January 17, 2008, a Brazilian federal court order prohibiting all sales of Counter-Strike and EverQuest began to be enforced. The federal Brazilian judge Carlos Alberto Simões de Tomaz ordered the ban in October 2007 because, as argued by the judge, the games "bring imminent stimulus to the subversion of the social order, attempting against the democratic state and the law and against public security."[81][82][83] As of June 18, 2009, a regional federal court order lifting the prohibition on the sale of Counter-Strike was published. The game is now being sold again in Brazil.[84]

Competitive play

[edit]
Main article: Counter-Strike in esports

The original Counter-Strike has been played in tournaments since 2000 with the first major being hosted in 2001 at the Cyberathlete Professional League Winter Championship.[85][86] The first official sequel was Counter-Strike: Source, released on November 1, 2004. The game was criticized by the competitive community, who believed the game's skill ceiling was significantly lower than that of CS 1.6. This caused a divide in the competitive community as to which game to play competitively.[87]

Sequels

[edit]
Main article: Counter-Strike

Following the success of the first Counter-Strike, Valve went on to make multiple sequels to the game. Counter-Strike: Condition Zero, a game using Counter-Strike's GoldSrc engine, was released in 2004. Counter-Strike: Source, a remake of the original Counter-Strike, was the first in the series to use Valve's Source engine and was also released in 2004, eight months after the release of Counter-Strike: Condition Zero. The next game in the Counter-Strike series to be developed primarily by Valve was Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, released for Windows, OS X, Linux, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 in 2012. Counter-Strike 2, an updated version of Global Offensive, was released in 2023.

The game spawned multiple spin-offs for the Asian gaming market. The first, Counter-Strike Neo, was an arcade game developed by Namco and released in Japan in 2003.[88] In 2008, Nexon Corporation released Counter-Strike Online, a free-to-play instalment in the series monetized via microtransactions. Counter-Strike Online was followed by Counter-Strike Online 2 in 2013. In 2014, Nexon released Counter-Strike Nexon: Zombies worldwide via Steam.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Additional development by Barking Dog Studios.[4] The Xbox version of the game was developed by Ritual Entertainment and Turtle Rock Studios.
  2. ^ The Xbox version of the game was published by Microsoft Game Studios. The OS X and Linux versions were self-published by Valve.

References

[edit]
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Bibliography

[edit]
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